In the last week of October, We finished transplanting gliricidia in the far northwest of Annapurna plot 373. This comes after good rainfall overnight that finally pushed the planting work in motion.
Here are a few images from the gliricidia plantation from the previous year, a part that has been shredded down for composting.
Rosella is grown at Annapurna as a rainfed crop from August (depending on the southwest summer monsoon) to harvest in late November. The whole fruits are plucked when they are tender, fleshy, and deep red. The calyx lobes (outer layer) are separated and used fresh to process into Jams and syrups, while seeds are collected for the next season’s plantation and also milled in with the dairy animal’s grain concentrate due to its high protein content.
This year we sowed Roselle late in September (irrigated for the germination) as there was no trace of a good summer monsoon. However, we already have some early harvest coming in from last year’s (August 2021) rosella plot. Later last season rosella harvest, the plot was rotated into fodder sorghum and leguminous Phaslous Tribola (pilli pisaru) for dairy under the irrigated condition where rosella germinated back from the residual seeds. while most of it was plowed in to prepare for the next crop, a few lines were maintained to harvest the fruits earlier than regular November.
Currently, this early harvest is being processed into rosella jams and syrup for flavored yogurt.
The natural diet of bovines largely comprises wild grass, tree leaves and weeds. Increased domestication, however, has motivated farmers to rely on grain-based diets, as it makes it easier to maintain large herds of cattle and harvest higher yields of produce, be it meat or milk. Grains, in comparison to grass, are easy to store, to purchase in bulk, as well as to produce. Second-grade-broken grains are often easily available (read: cheaper) for dairy.
Annapurna dairy currently relies on grains, i.e. millet-based concentrate as well as home-grown fodder and paddy straw. While fodder (greens) is much more nutritional and natural to cattle, the quantity needed for consumption is relatively higher. To grow such quantities, one would require advanced pastoral management (optimum grazing), water, land, as well as protection of the land from other wild vegetarians.
The often asked question to us is how one farm off 135 acres, the answer is to make a system that serves the need of sustaining an organic farm.
A closer look at gliricidia 323BB will help to understand this better as it aims to sustain the rotational fodder for the dairy along with irrigated food crops, such as green gram, late sesame and corn.
For years, Annapurna has been cultivating the most outlying pieces (15-20 acres) of the land under dryland gliricidia plantations to produce fodder and biomass. These gliricidia were originally planted as a dryland crop to biomass for composting-mulching, and nitrogen-fixing to the soil, create organic fodder for the dairy along with far-off land protection and erosion. Food crops used to be grown between the lines of gliricidia as well.
In the month of June 2022, with the help of increased rain harvesting capacity over the years, we prepared alleys (spacing) between gliricidia to cultivate fodder under irrigated conditions. This plot was prepared by shredding down gliricidia alleys to provide the biomass for the first rotation with fodder crop 一 Phaseolus Tribola and perennial fodder Sorghum.
This system was visualized by Tomas years ago as a mean to reduce yearly compost input (creating biomass | organic matter). In the coming season, we intend to observe if the plot will be able to sustain itself with the biomass created from the gliricidia and legume crop rotation. This plot will further rotate into food crops and eventually into a fruit plantations; banana.
The aim is to slowly move towards minimizing the reliance on millet grains to having the herd predominantly fodder (grass)-fed while extending the land under long-term cultivation. As of today we harvested about a ton of leguminous fodder – Phaseolus Tribola and test cut of the perennial fodder sorghum from 392bb.
Alley Cropping System*
Hedgerow intercropping, also referred to as Alley cropping system is a type of strip cropping or agroforestry practice, in which fast growing trees and shrubs are established on the arable lands and annual food or forage crops cultivated in the “alleys” between the hedgerows. The shrubs or trees are usually planted in rows of 2.0 m to 6.0 m apart, with crops cultivated between rows. The trees or shrubs managed as hedges are pruned periodically during cropping phases to prevent shading of companion crop and the pruning applied to the soil as green manure and / or mulch. This improves the organic matter status of the soil besides proving nutrients, especially nitrogen. This system also creates a more favorable microclimate for crops by shielding them from drying winds. Trees or shrubs and crops components are managed to be complimentary rather than competitive.
We started the paddy season this year on 28th August sowing the first seedbed. The season began with an all-season improved variety CO43 along with Bhavani to test its early seasonality. We started the field preparation in the dry month of September where unlike the last couple of years, there was no trace of summer showers.
As of today, we have finished transplanting varieties: CO43, Farmer’s select Annapurna, Test|Bhavani and Test|Uma (red) in 14.7 of 20 acres of paddy and the remaining fields are still being prepared to plant further with red rice variety – Poovan Samba.
We skipped sowing Poovan Samba (red rice) as a test direct sowing system last week as 2 large ponds are reduced to the minimum and we are left with 2 bore wells, a single rain harvesting reservoir at its half capacity. Which shifts our focus now on maintaining – mainly weeding what is transplanted yet slowly moving to prepare remaining fields as we observe light monsoon (still South-west) in the air.
Irrigated salad bars/green manure are relatively easy depending on the monsoon each year. At Annapurna, we receive an ample monsoon (summer and winter) and sometimes, even a cyclone at times. As a result, rain water harvest ponds have more capacity to sustain the rice, orchards, and fodder, because of which we sow early harvested paddy fields to raise an irrigated salad bar. Green manures such as Phaslous Tribola and Sesbania Speciosa, (dryland specials) establish robust overgrowing of the weeds under irrigated conditions.
The CO43 paddy harvested early in January and the Annapurna paddy fields stretching up to 7.7 of the total 20 acres, raised with early green manure and irrigated since the good monsoon last season, serve as a grazing ground for the dairy during the dry season. Cows spend an hour grazing in a rice plot and get daily rotated into another field. The idea is to irrigate the fields enough to establish the crop, graze the cattle swiftly, and allow green manure to bounce back up with the irregular summer showers to plow it back in for paddy preparation. The remaining paddy fields are grown and managed as the dryland salad bar for the dairy and green manure for the paddy. Productivity of these plots varies from year to year depending very much on the summer monsoon rains.
In an exact opposite scenario, we rely on the summer rain to germinate the green manure. In such instances, we look at rain predictions and then sow the green manure. Some years it rains several centimeters high, which can replicate the same result as when we rely on the irrigated system. This year, however, the rains were short and scattered.
This brings us the first heavy flush of weeds, predominantly the Trianthema decandra L, which is locally known as spinach and is edible for cattle in regulated quantities. Under the lush short canopies of this weed, we have our green manures germinated. It remains dormant without ample sun and moisture and waits for the weeds to wither out after its 45-day life cycle. This grown sea of this dominant weed also falls prey to caterpillars (moth species unidentified) and gets eaten away making way for the sunlight to reach the ground and the dormant green manure finally synthesizes back to life.
On the day of Ayudha Pooja (technically, celebrated it a day before the actual one) we had Manou visiting Annapurna to photograph some of the ladies who work at the farm.
Manou has been travelling for the last 10 years taking images across India. His blog Wearabout is a document of people and clothing focusing on the use of hand-made textiles interwoven with narratives of people in a regionally and socially diverse society.
Photo IDs
Slide 1: Sangeetha with her mother Sangini (in bright pink-blue sari). Sangini has been working with us since 1992 and Sangeeta soon after. Sangini has been involved in various farming activities since the beginning and has seen many season at Annapurna. Sangeetha started off with herding and milking cows; now she manages the day-to-day activities of dairy-fruit processing.
Slide 2: Malathi, regular at Annapurna since 2018 and before the on-off season as a casual worker. Her day involves making database entries, supervising granary and day-to-day farm activities.
Slide 3: Laxmi, a casual worker for the paddy season.
Slide 4: From left to right, Shivgami, Santhi from Sedrapet, Soundri, and Anjali.
Slide 5: Ambika, regular since the mid-90s. In paddy season she manages the transplanting team; off-season her role varies from dairy – processing to granary support.
Slide 6: Santhi from Sedrapet. She used to be one of our milkers for the dairy until she stepped down due to health issues. Now she comes to the farm as a casual worker; actively during the paddy season.
